A Day in Class: How about doing a series of stories?


Look at problems

Bullying is intentional aggressive behavior. It can take the form of physical or verbal harassment and involves an imbalance of power (a group of children can gang up on a victim or someone who is physically bigger or more aggressive can intimidate someone else, for instance).

 • Bullying behavior can include teasing, insulting someone (particularly about their weight or height, race, sexuality, religion or other personal traits), shoving, hitting, excluding someone, or gossiping about someone.

 • Bullying can cause a victim to feel upset, afraid, ashamed, embarrassed, and anxious about going to school. It can involve children of any age, including younger elementary grade-schoolers and even kindergarteners. Bullying behavior is frequently repeated unless there is intervention. The topic of bullying in schools may seem to be overdone and not worthy of coverage in your school, but don't be so quick to judge.

The topic won't go away.

Bullying and Teasing: No Laughing Matter

School Buses Breed Bullying

Bullying highlights need for parent-school cooperation

The Philadelphia Enquirer Pulitzer Prize-winning series on Violence in Schools

Hot Topics in Education

Some of these topics would make a great editorial series in your publication. Pick one and run with it.


A day in class: Media Law and Media Ethics



Since 1974, the Student Press Law Center has been the nation's only legal assistance agency devoted exclusively to educating high school and college journalists about the rights and responsibilities embodied in the First Amendment and supporting the student news media in their struggle to cover important issues free from censorship. The Center provides free legal advice and information as well as low-cost educational materials for student journalists on a wide variety of legal topics. Reporters, editors and photographers may get free advice here.

For more than 40 years, the Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press has provided free legal advice, resources, support and advocacy to protect the First Amendment and Freedom of Information rights of journalists working in areas where U.S. law applies, regardless of the medium in which their work appears.

An outstanding college publication at Ithaca College, The Ithacan, has run into new rules. Ithaca College faculty and students are responding to a new media policy issued by President Tom Rochon that requires all student media to route requests for interviews with administrators through the college’s office of media relations. Under the new policy, which went into effect Monday, all media interested in contacting an administrator, director, dean, associate dean or assistant dean must contact Dave Maley, associate director of media relations, who will facilitate an interview.

This is an unfortunate change of policy

Reporters, photographers, editors -- all of you and your advisers -- need to know what you can and can't do with your publications.

Media Ethics Websites

Media Ethics magazine is independent. It is editorially eclectic, and the sponsors are not responsible for its content. It strives to provide a forum for opinion and research articles on media ethics, as well as a venue for announcements and reviews of meetings, opportunities, and publications.

SPJ Code of Ethics

NPPA Code of Ethics

Public Relations Society of America Code of Ethics

Radio-Television News Directors Association Code of Ethics

Advertising Code of Ethics


Recent problems with ethics in the professional media world


Ethics Case Studies


Perhaps these resources will help you do the right thing -- the right way.

A day in class: Television





English: Philo T. Farnsworth, inventor of mode...In the 1950s, my grandparents purchased a television set, one of the first in my hometown of Pleasanton, Texas. The black-and-white set could receive only three networks -- CBS, NBC and Dumont -- and programming was only a few hours a day. The stations showed a Test Pattern when no shows were up for viewing.

Once described as a "Vast Wasteland," television may be getting worse 


Early Television Museum — See the first mechanical and electonic sets.


Here are some Historical Highlights of television: 1923 'Television camera tube developed at Westinghouse by Vladimir Zworykin (left) 1925 John Logie Baird and mechanical television. 1927 Philo Farnsworth (above right) applies for patent on electronic television. 1939 'Television demonstrated at New York World's Fair. 1941 FCC authorizes commercial television, but WW II intervenes. 1947  "Howdy Doody" is first major children's television program. "Captain Kangaroo" also smash hit. 1934 Communications Act establishes Federal Communications Commission to regulate airwaves. 1948 NBC and CBS networks offer evening news and entertainment programs. 1948 Licensing of TV frozen (until 1952). 1951 First coast-to-coast television from New York to San Francisco. 1952 "The Today Show" ushers in new talk-news-interview format. 1950s The early days of television mimicked radio. 1953 Eisenhower inauguration is first to be carried live on television. 1954 McCarthy hearings shown live; Edward R. Murrow responds with "See It Now." 1960 Nixon-Kennedy debates change presidential politics. This was repeatedly referenced this election year with the multitude of debates in the Republican primary and the presidential election campaign.

Measuring the Audience:

 RATING - A rating is the percent of households tuned to a particular program from the total available TV households in a designated area. In this example there are 500 households tuned to program "A" out of a possible 2,800 (all of the TV households represented in the pie). By dividing the larger number (2,800) into the smaller (500) we get a percent; in this case 17.86. So the rating of program "A" is 18. (Since ratings are in terms of percentages, you don't need to say "percent," just 18.) Using the same procedure you can see that the rating for program "B" would be 11.

 SHARE - A share is the percentage of TV households with sets turned on that are watching your program. In the case of program "A" you divide 1,600 into 500 and get 31 as the audience share for program "A". The share for program "B" would be 18.75 or 19. The first ratings systems, developed for radio use in the 1930s, involved telephone interviews, face-to-face interviews at the door and postcard reply surveys. All of the systems relied on the cooperation of those who responded, and on their recall ability. Then, in the 1960s, the technology had improved to the point where data were automatically fed to the company over phone lines, making the data available to the producers within a few days. Today, overnights are available. For a closer look at ratings, click here.

Television Programming:

In this case dealing with networks, programming involves introducing a new program into an already existing framework of programs.
Two problems exist in programming: (1) Programmers tend to underestimate the intelligence of the viewers and aim at the lowest common denominator of intelligence. (2) Too many hours on too many channels to fill with "quality" programming.

Television’s impact on society has been both positive and negative.

Here are some examples of early entertainment and information shows on television. 

Edward R. Murrow on "See It Now"



Edward R. Murrow was an American broadcast journalist. He first came to prominence with a series of radio news broadcasts during World War II, which were followed by millions of listeners in the United States and Canada.

Senor Wences on "The Ed Sullivan Show"



Edward Vincent "Ed" Sullivan was an American entertainment writer and television host, best known as the presenter of the television variety programs The Toast of the Town and The Ed Sullivan Show.

The opening of the Milton Berle show



Milton Berle was an American comedian and actor. As the host of NBC's Texaco Star Theater, he was the first major American television star and was known to millions of viewers as "Uncle Miltie" and "Mr. Television" during TV's golden age.

A day in class: Magazines



This will help you better understand magazines.

Preparing for the final exam: Magazines are superior to other media:

(1) Magazines have much better opportunity than other media to be interpreters.

(2) The "why" is stressed over the "who, what, when and how."

(3) Magazines give a psychological advantage with their semi-permanence and covers.

(4) Magazines may aim at very specific target groups while other media usually must appeal to broader groups. Magazines' functions are to inform, to entertain, to bring events into focus and to interpret meaning.

(5) Participatory or interactive advertisements are popular in magazines.

Describe four categories of magazines.

What is the magazine's formula?

How do editors use the formula to select monthly articles? Women's Health is an example

Why did general interest magazines lose audiences?

What are regional and/or demographic editions of magazines?

What is the connection between magazines and advertising?

Why do ethnic publications exist?

 The Writer's Digest , guidelines and the query letter.

A day in class--Public Relations



Class participation was always important in my Introduction to Mass Communications classes, and this was a typical class session -- placed online. Students who attended class could add their comments and contribute ideas while students who missed the class could follow online. This seemed to be a popular approach.

  Bernice, the Food Pantry pooch, guards the donations at Pack the Prius in this photo on Moody mall by Tyler Cleveland, The Ranger, on April 17.



What is Fair Use -- This video explains how bloggers can use material if it is considered "fair use."  This will be important for your consideration in this project. 

In class, after a video on Public Relations and a brief description of where PR is found, we talked about a PUBLIC RELATIONS CAMPAIGN for the Food Pantry at San Antonio College. You have the background on the handout above, and here is part of the class discussions.

We decided that your formal and informal RESEARCH should include the following:

What is the exact name of the program?
What is the extent of the problem? Numbers? Need?
How do we reach people who need help?
How do we reach people who may donate?
What are some similar campaigns, such as the creatively named "Rock and Roll Up Your Sleeves" campaign on KISS radio?

Look at other campaigns that have been successful. Background of the program.

Formal research includes available data on the Internet or from readings, focus groups in which a representative group of the target interact with a moderator, questionnaires and more "scientific" methods of data gathering.

Informal research involves indirect methods of collecting data. Rather than gathering information from reputed sites, books, and/or scientific surveys, information would be gathered from unscientific methods, such as talking to individuals directly related with the client, interviewing the target audience, and/or informal surveys(questionnaires, telephone surveys...).

The ACTION PLAN consists of developing a strategic message, a theme line or slogan (some suggestions were: Free Food, Will Learn for Food, Help is Near) and who might be a sponsor besides the Catholic Student Center, L&M Bookstore, Susan Spencer's ECON class, Phi Theta Kappa. Someone suggested H-E-B, but what other corporate sponsors may help. Any other possibilities, such as neighborhood associations near campus, public and private high schools, churches, service organizations such as Lions, Rotary and others. You may suggest one radio station, one TV station, one weekly newspaper, area businesses, etc.,

Also, think about a logo or icon. (See apple example)

Here is a site on How to Design a Logo.

Here are LOGOS from similar campaigns. (above and right)

What COMMUNICATIONS would you consider? Media alerts, backgrounders, feature story pitches, bulletin boards (think creatively), a web site, sponsors (radio stations, television stations, weekly newspapers), brochures to place in Counseling Office and other locations, area church bulletins may include information about the Food Pantry, op ed piece in newspapers, letters to the editor, photos of people donating, public service announcements (audio) for KSYM and The Ranger Online (print).

As a SPECIAL EVENT, how about a food drive? Here's a site explaining how to do it. Plan a food drive 

How about a celebrity spokesperson? Someone attractive to the target. One problem is that this campaign has more than one target. Donors, students or staff in need, the community in general. So, a Spur or a Silver Star could work. Or a DJ or TV anchor could work. Or maybe a musician. Review the demographics of your people in need and see if a Hispanic celebrity would be more appropriate.

In the photo for The Ranger shown at the top of this post, we have a spokesdog, Bernice. Might work. Get the idea? Continue thinking about the campaign. Organize your notes and bring them to the final exam. I will ask for specific things, e.g., Describe three communications you would use and tell why you would use them. Or, Describe your theme logo (I won't grade your art). What kinds of research would you need for the campaign?

REVIEW: A strategic public-relations plan should include goals, objectives, strategies, tactics, a time line and budget. What other things can go into your plan? A situational analysis or an introduction can be helpful in setting the stage and serving as a constant reminder of the reasoning underlying your plan. A listing of target audiences can aid in determining the best tactics. If you prepare, you will find this part of the exam to be easy. If you don't prepare, this will be difficult because you will not know what I'm talking about. Ask in class about ideas you come up with. Please take this seriously.